Access Control Entries
As stated previously, an ACL (Access Control List) is an ordered list of ACEs (Access Control Entries). Each ACE contains the following:
- A SID (Security Identifier) that identifies a particular user or group.
- An access mask that specifies access rights.
- A set of bit flags that determine whether or not child objects can inherit the ACE.
- A flag that indicates the type of ACE.
ACEs are fundamentally alike. What sets them apart is the degree of control they offer over inheritance and object access. There are two types of ACE:
- Generic type that are attached to all securable objects.
- Object-specific type that can occur only in ACLs for Active Directory objects.
Generic ACE
A generic ACE offers limited control over the kinds of child objects that can inherit them. Essentially, they can distinguish only between containers and noncontainers.
For example, the DACL (Discretionary Access Control List) on a Folder object in NTFS can include a generic ACE that allows a group of users to list the folder's contents. Because listing a folder's contents is an operation that can be performed only on a Container object, the ACE that allows the operation can be flagged as a CONTAINER_INHERIT_ACE. Only Container objects in the folder (that is, only other Folder objects) inherit the ACE. Noncontainer objects (that is, File objects) do not inherit the ACE of the parent object.
A generic ACE applies to an entire object. If a generic ACE gives a particular user Read access, the user can read all the information that is associated with the object — both data and properties. This is not a serious limitation for most object types. File objects, for example, have few properties, which are all used for describing characteristics of the object rather than for storing information. Most of the information in a File object is stored as object data; therefore, there is little need for separate controls on a file's properties.
Object-specific ACE
An object-specific ACE offers a greater degree of control over the types of child objects that can inherit them.
For example, an OU (Organizational Unit) object's ACL can have an object-specific ACE that is marked for inheritance only by User objects. Other types of objects, such as Computer objects, will not inherit the ACE.
This capability is why object-specific ACEs are called object-specific. Their inheritance can be limited to specific types of child objects.
There are similar differences in how the two categories of ACE types control access to objects.
An object-specific ACE can apply to any individual property of an object or to a set of properties for that object. This type of ACE is used only in an ACL for Active Directory objects, which, unlike other object types, store most of their information in properties. It is often desirable to place independent controls on each property of an Active Directory object, and object-specific ACEs make that possible.
For example, when you define permissions for a User object, you can use one object-specific ACE to allow Principal Self (that is, the user) Write access to the Phone-Home-Primary (homePhone) property, and you can use other object-specific ACEs to deny Principal Self access to the Logon-Hours (logonHours) property and other properties that set restrictions on the user account.
See Access Control Entry Layout in the previous section.